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Primary function of the adrenal gland4/27/2023 However, both of these conditions are life threatening if untreated, and a high index of suspicion must therefore be maintained. Diseases associated with adrenocortical hypofunction are relatively rare, while those associated with adrenocortical hyperfunction are slightly more common. Based on the widespread effects of its secreted products in multiple tissues, adrenal dysfunction is associated with protean manifestations. In the more chronic stress of food and fluid deprivation, adrenocortical steroid hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis to maintain the supply of glucose and increase sodium reabsorption to maintain body fluid volume. In acute stress, catecholamines mobilize glucose and fatty acids for energy and prepare the heart, lungs, and muscles for action, while glucocorticoids protect against overreactions from the body’s responses to stress. The steroid hormones of the cortex and the catecholamines of the medulla probably developed as protection against immediate stress or injury and more prolonged deprivation of food and water. The basic function of the adrenal glands is to protect the organism against acute and chronic stress, a concept popularized as the fight-or-flight response for the medulla and as the alarm reaction for the cortex.
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